Saturday, April 30, 2011

Cupboard | Miscellaneous Cupboard | Cupboard Fly

    A cupboard (pronounced ) or press (Hiberno-English) is a type of cabinet, often made of wood, used indoors to store household objects such as food, crockery, textiles and liquor, and protect them from dust and dirt.

    As the name suggests, this piece of furniture was originally a simple board or table on which to place cups or mugs--recorded use of such a name dates back to at least the Middle Ages. For the last few centuries, "cupboard" has referred to a storage area enclosed by doors.

    The term cupboard was originally used to describe an open-shelved side table for displaying plates, cups and saucers. These open cupboards typically had between one and three display tiers, and at the time, a drawer or multiple drawers fitted to them. The word cupboard gradually came to mean a closed piece of furniture.

    Airing cupboard

    An airing duplicators is a large built-in wardrobe, Sometimes of walk-in dimensions, containing a water heater; Either an immersion heater for hot running water or a water boiler for central heating. Shelves, usually slatted to allow for circulation of heat, are positioned above or around the heater to Provide storage for clothing, typically linen and toweling. The purpose is to Prevent damp and to dry wet clothing. Other names include "boiler duplicators", or (in Ireland) "hot press".

    An airing duplicators is a large built-in wardrobe, Sometimes of walk-in dimensions, containing a water heater; Either an immersion heater for hot running water or a water boiler for central heating. Shelves, usually slatted to allow for circulation of heat, are positioned above or around the heater to Provide storage for clothing, typically linen and toweling. The purpose is to Prevent damp and to dry wet clothing. Other names include "boiler duplicators", or (in Ireland) "hot press".

    China cabinet

    The very first china cabinet was created during the King William and Queen Mary era (1689-1702) in England. William and Mary came from Holland, and brought with them lots of Dutch craftsmen. Queen Mary was obsessed with the Blue and White china that was being imported in Europe, so she commissioned the craftsmen to create a special cabinet that would display some of her personal collection. The cabinet itself was made of walnut, so it had to be moved with a stretcher because the large piece was too heavy for the small legs that were under it. It had a glass door, which were glass panes, which at this time were created by blowing glass into compartments and then spreading it into sheets. The original china cabinet had an oriental influence to go with the style of the Blue and White china.

    Leaf cupboard

    A leaf cupboard is a cupboard made up entirely of leaves and twigs to store basic clothing necessities. These cupboards are usually found in undeveloped areas and villages where lack of wood resources forces the village people to improvise using leaves and twigs to make a cupboard to store their clothings. These cupboards usually have a lifespan of only 6 months to a year
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

GIZ | Making Development | The Company

    GIZ
    Broad-based expertise for sustainable development – under one roof

    Working efficiently, effectively and in a spirit of partnership, GIZ support people and societies in developing, transition and industrialised countries in shaping their own futures and improving living conditions. This is what the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH is all about. Established on 1 January 2011, it brings together under one roof the long-standing expertise of the Deutscher Entwicklungsdienst (DED) gGmbH (German Development Service), the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH (German technical cooperation) and Inwent – Capacity Building International, Germany. As a federally owned enterprise, we support the German Government in achieving its objectives in the field of international cooperation for sustainable development. We are also engaged in international education work around the globe.

    Making development effective

    GIZ partners want to take responsibility for achieving their own long-term development goals. GIZ support them by offering demand-driven, tailor-made and effective services for sustainable development. GIZ's apply a holistic and value-based approach to ensure the participation of all stakeholders. In doing so, we are always guided by GIZ concept of sustainable development. GIZ take account of political, economic, social and ecological dimensions as we support our partners at local, regional, national and international level in negotiating solutions in the broader social context. This is how we make development effective.

    GIZ operates in many fields, including economic development and employment; governance and democracy; security, reconstruction, peace building and civil conflict transformation; food security, health and basic education; and environmental protection, resource conservation and climate change mitigation. GIZ also provide management and logistical services to support our partners in performing their development tasks. In crises we carry out refugee and emergency aid programmes. As part of GIZ services, GIZ also second development workers to partner countries.

    We advise GIZ commissioning parties and partners on drawing up plans and strategies, place integrated experts and returning experts in partner countries, and promote networking and dialogue among international cooperation actors. Capacity development for partner-country experts is a key component of our services, and we offer our programme participants diverse opportunities to benefit from the contacts they have made. GIZ also give young people a chance to gain professional experience around the world – exchange programmes for young professionals lay the foundations for successful careers in national and international markets.

    Who we work for

    Most of GIZ activities are commissioned by the German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). GIZ also operates on behalf of other German ministries – in particular the Federal Foreign Office, the Federal Environment Ministry and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research – as well as German federal states and municipalities, and public and private sector clients both in Germany and abroad. These include the governments of other countries, the European Commission, the United Nations and the World Bank. GIZ at work closely with the private sector and promote results-oriented interaction between the development and foreign trade sectors. Our considerable experience with alliances in partner countries and in Germany is a key factor for successful international cooperation, not only in the business, academic and cultural spheres but also in civil society.

    The company at a glance

    GIZ operates in more than 130 countries worldwide. In Germany we maintain a presence in nearly all the federal states. Our registered offices are in Bonn and Eschborn. GIZ employs approximately 17,000 staff members worldwide, more than 60 % of whom are local personnel. In addition, there are 1,135 development workers, 750 integrated and 324 returning experts, 700 local experts in partner organisations and 850 ‘weltwärts’ volunteers. With an estimated turnover of EUR 1.9 billion as at December 2010, GIZ can look to the future with confidence.
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

Ross-Simons | Shop Catalogs | Pearl Earrings

    Ross-Simons
    Ross-Simons is Committed to Providing an Extraordinary Shopping Experience

    Since 1952, .ross-simons ve worked hard to guarantee your complete satisfaction with any Ross-Simons purchase. We're not happy until you are!

    The very first Ross-Simons retail store opened in historic Providence, Rhode Island in 1952 with a mission to provide exceptional quality jewelry and luxury items at the most affordable prices possible. As the concept took off, the company quickly expanded — Ross-Simons second and third stores followed in 1965 and 1975, and our first catalog was mailed in 1981.

    Darrell Ross, CEO/President Ross-Simons

    Today, Ross-Simons is a thriving multi-channel retailer. In addition to Ross-Simons Web presence, Ross-Simons now operate 14 retail and outlet stores in seven states and mail more than 50 million catalogs annually across the globe. Though the times may have changed, our focus remains the same: a commitment to service and satisfaction, providing the finest jewelry, tableware, collectibles and more at legendary prices.

    We owe Ross-Simons long history of success to loyal customers like you, and we look forward to serving you for another 59 years.

    Who is Ross-Simons?

    Ross-Simons is the nation's leading value-priced retailer of fine jewelry, tableware, gifts, collectibles and home decor, offering prices up to 20-70% below comparable retailers. With 57 years of multi-chanel retailing, Ross-Simons is a well-known, respected and reputable source for Life's Luxuries For a Lot Less.

    How Does it Work?

    By becoming a Ross-Simons Affiliate, you have the opportunity to link to www.ross-simons.com in a variety of ways — text links, banners, product links and virtual storefronts are the major link types available to you. You can choose the type and style that works best for your site. Simply place the links on your site, and you're ready to go. All of the tracking is taken care of for you, and you have access to full reporting controls 24 hours a day.

    Return/Exchange Instructions

    Step #1: Call for a Return Authorization Number (RA#).

    To ensure that your return is processed according to your instructions, please call our customer service department at 800-835-0919 for a return authorization number (RA#), and/or provide exchange information. This number will insure that your return is processed correctly and in a timely manner.

    Step #2: Packaging and Labels

    Please complete the Return Form on your shipping document or click to print the Return Form*. Be sure to include the return authorization number that you have been given by calling the above number, attach the form to your package and return it to us within 30 days of receipt. Items must be returned to: Ross-Simons, Attn: Returns Processing, 9 Ross-Simons Drive, Cranston, RI 02920.

    Step #3: Care and Shipping.

    Because the safe return of your package is as important to Ross-Simons as it is to you, please insure your package for the full value listed on the invoice. Ship your package via USPS REGISTERED MAIL and request a return receipt, which will assure you that your package has arrived at Ross Simons.

    Merchandise returned is the responsibility of the sender until it is signed for by Ross- Simons. All jewelry and diamonds will be inspected by our gemologist prior to the refund being processed.

    Please allow 3-4 weeks for returns processing through our facility. If you have any questions please call Customer Service at 800-835-0919 for further assistance.
    Special Diamond Return Instructions

    Please follow the Return Instructions outlined above. In addition, you must include all original packaging and printed material. If your merchandise came with a diamond certificate, it must be returned with the merchandise or you will be responsible for a $100 replacement of certificate charge.

    Please complete the Return Form on your shipping document or click to print the Return Form*. Be sure to include the RA# on the form as well as the outside of the package. Items must be returned to: Ross-Simons, Attn: Returns Processing, 9 Ross-Simons Drive, Cranston, RI 02920

    Because the safe return of your package is as important to Ross-Simons as it is to you, please insure your package for the full value listed on the invoice. Ship your package via USPS REGISTERED MAIL and request a return receipt, which will assure you that your package has arrived at Ross-Simons.

    Please note: Merchandise returned is the responsibility of the sender until it is signed for by Ross-Simons. All jewelry and diamonds will be inspected by our gemologist prior to the refund being processed.
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

CLARIDGE'S | CLARIDGE'S Hotel | Spring Fling | Family Heaven | Wine Dinners Special

    Claridge's
    5 star luxury in Mayfair’s historic Art Deco hotel

    In the heart of Mayfair, Claridge’s hotel is perfectly placed for the city, London’s shopping districts and leafy Hyde Park.

    With award-winning service and business facilities, Claridge’s luxury london hotel is a sumptuous retreat for the business traveller – or a luxurious indulgence if you want to spoil yourself or a loved one.

    Claridge’s is a key part of London’s history. Stars, socialites and the crowned heads of Europe have enjoyed this 5 star hotel for over 100 years.

    Some of the world’s greatest designers have left their mark on Claridge’s. Original features mingle with distinctly modern twists, refining the effortless Art Deco elegance that makes London’s finest hotel so special.

    A stay at Claridge’s is an unforgettable experience. Our dedicated staff will ensure your every whim is catered for.

    Playing host to stars, statesmen and the royalty of Europe, Claridge’s continues to be graced by a discerning clientele who appreciate its service and discretion, its beauty and its rich heritage…

    19th century: Claridge’s and the Mivart
    During the first half of the 19th century, William and Marianne Claridge ran a hotel at 51 Brook Street. The five next-door houses were the famous Mivart hotel. In 1854 the Claridges bought the Mivart buildings and its excellent reputation. The hotel became known as Claridge’s, late Mivart’s until Mivart’s death in 1856.

    1860s: Building a reputation
    Claridge’s soon built up a reputation in its own right. The ultimate seal of approval came in 1860 when Queen Victoria and Prince Albert arrived at the hotel. They were visiting the Empress Eugènie of France, who had made Claridge’s her winter quarters.

    1893: D’Oyly Carte and the designer of Harrods
    In 1893 Claridge’s was bought by Richard D’Oyly Carte, owner of the Savoy. He commissioned CW Stephens, designer of Harrods, to rebuild the hotel from the ground up. The new Claridge’s opened in November 1898.

    1940s: European royalty escape to Claridge’s
    As war raged across Europe, many exiled royal families made their way to the familiar haven of Claridge’s. Guests included the Kings of Greece, Norway and Yugoslavia, and the Queen of the Netherlands.

    In 1947 a diplomat telephoned Claridge’s and asked to speak to the King. “Certainly sir,” came the polite response, “but which one?”

    1945: Britain lends out Suite 212
    On 17 July 1945, our Suite 212 briefly became part of Yugoslavia. Sir Winston Churchill made the concession so that Crown Prince Alexander, the heir to the throne, could be born on Yugoslav soil. According to legend, Claridge’s staff placed a clod of Yugoslav earth under the Queen’s bed during her labour.

    Post-war: The Queen is charmed by Claridge’s
    After the war, state delegations from all over the world stayed at Claridge’s. The Queen received them at Buckingham Palace, and the hospitality was traditionally returned by hosting a banquet at Claridge’s.

    The Royal Family soon grew to love Claridge’s standards of hospitality and service, and chose to host many of their own private family parties at the hotel.

    1950s: The golden age of Hollywood
    Stars Yul Brynner, Audrey Hepburn, Cary Grant and Bing Crosby have all strolled through the Claridge’s lobby – but Katherine Hepburn used the staff entrance. She was barred from the lobby because she insisted on wearing trousers, which contravened the strict dress code of the time.

    1990s: A modern take on Art Deco
    In 1996 Claridge’s updated its Art Deco heritage with a modern twist.

    David Collins created the new Claridge’s Bar, and New York-based designer Thierry Despont revitalised the Foyer area with a modern Art Deco feel and a stunning Dale Chihuly chandelier.

    Entering the 21st century with its customary glamour, Claridge’s retains its title as London’s Art Deco jewel.
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

International University of Southern Europe | IUSE | Mission Statement IUSE | Business Education

    IUSE
    IUSE are an established and accredited private international business school offering flexible business and management studies at the undergraduate, graduate and executive level in a truly unique cross-cultural and English-speaking environment.

    The International University of Southern Europe is a private and independent institution of higher learning that groups the business, management, language and cultural studies at its main campus in Barcelona and its satellite campuses in Madrid and Valencia into one international university dedicated to cross-cultural education with a global perspective.

    Operating under the authority of the coordinating United International Business Schools organization, our study programs and courses are regularly reviewed and modernized in cooperation with the Global Council for Management Education, the organization's academic council. Partnerships and links with other schools, colleges and universities are developed and maintained through the International Student Mobility Initiative.

    Committed to offering quality business and management education at the undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate level, we strive to continuously improve our career-oriented academic study programs in accordance with the demands of the global marketplace as well as with the guidelines received from reputable American, European and international educational organizations.

    Mission Statement

    The International University of Southern Europe aspires to be acknowledged as a private and independent international business school of first choice for the quality of its undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate programs and courses. We strive to provide students the inspiring excellence of a private university, combined with the stimulating advantage of a small-scale, cross-cultural and English-speaking environment.

    Our study programs and teaching methods are in line with international standards in higher education and are undergoing a continuous process of self-evaluation and self-improvement by means of internal and external quality validation. Among our faculty and staff we give emphasis to such qualities as innovation, flexibility and a continuous sense of advancement.

    Having full membership status with the United International Business Schools organization that is internationally commended for its academic contributions to professional business and management education, our institution serves a highly unique and culturally diverse student body and endorses both academic advancement and personal growth among its students. Our mission is accomplished through academic excellence, ingenious extra-curricular activities and distinguishing cultural alliances.

    We are dedicated to the following educational resolutions:

    • To offer highly-competitive career-oriented academic study programs at the undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate levels in a full-time, part-time and online format
    • To offer a range of flexible non-degree programs to meet the needs of individual students, companies and organizations in the framework of lifelong learning
    • To uphold excellent quality standards in our academic curricula, pragmatic teaching methods and personalized student services
    • To welcome qualified students, faculty and staff of all backgrounds, nationalities and religions
    • To equip students with well-developed analytical, conceptual, quantitative and interpersonal skills
    • To provide an opportunity to develop specific skills in accordance with one’s interests and talents
    • To develop among students an understanding of cross-cultural management, global leadership and business ethics
    • To increase students’ competence in global thinking by offering a dynamic and truly international study environment
    Business Education

    Through close student-lecturer contact and classes in relatively small groups, Barcelona Business School provides for a professional academic atmosphere to meet students’ individual needs in a truly international environment.

    Permanent interaction is ensured so that students obtain a firm grasp of the course materials offered. In small groups (up to approximately 24 students) students are discussing issues, sharing ideas, testing theories and benefitting from our rigorous academic standards.

    Faculty members are drawn from around the world, are highly qualified in their field(s) of expertise and combine a solid academic background and ample professional experience as business leaders, industrialists, entrepreneurs and/or consultants.

    To prevent business theory from remaining abstract and inapplicable, most courses are based on the case method and provide students with a practical, hands-on problem-solving approach to contemporary business and management issues.

    Students are taught in a pragmatic way with the use of simulation techniques, up-to-date case studies and the required theoretical background. They also learn to think strategically when making decisions, to empathize with their peers, to inspire team work and team building, and to contribute to the success of a project.

    Thinking creatively and independently by questioning, rather than blindly accepting subject material is strongly encouraged. Throughout the academic year, students are regularly assessed through an ideal mix of individual and team projects, presentations, papers, mid-terms and final exams so that their progress can be assessed.

    This highly practical skills and knowledge based approach to learning involves the continuing monitoring and adaptation of courses to the demands of the global marketplace with the assistance of an Academic Council composed of prominent personalities from the business community.
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

Vanquis Bank Limited / Linking / Abouts Vanquis Bank Limited /

    Vanquis Bank
    Vanquis Bank Limited (Company number 02558509) whose registered office is at Colonnade, Sunbridge Road, Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD1 2LQ is a member of the Provident Financial group (the Group). Our VAT number is 180555952. You can contact us at Vanquis Card, Customer Service, PO Box 399, Chatham, ME4 4WQ.

    Although vanquish have taken all reasonable care to ensure that the information provided on this website is accurate, we give no warranties of any kind, express or implied, with regard to its accuracy or completeness.

    The information contained on this website is given for general information and interest purposes only. As a result, you should not rely on this information, and we recommend that you take further advice or seek further guidance before taking any action based on the information contained on this website.

    Vanquish Bank liability to you

    These website terms do not exclude our liability (if any) to you for:

    Personal injury or death resulting from Vanquish Bank negligence
    Fraud
    Any matter which it would be illegal for Vanquish Bank to exclude or to attempt to exclude our liability

    We do not guarantee that this website will be compatible with all or any hardware and software which you may use. Vanquish Bank do not guarantee that this website will be available all the time or at any specific time. Vanquish Bank may modify, withdraw or suspend the website or any part of it without notice at any time.

    Vanquish Bank accept no liability for any economic loss, punitive, special loss of profit, business or production or any similar loss or damages (including, without limitation, loss of anticipated profits and savings), whether direct, indirect or consequential and any damages whatsoever, including but not limited to contract and tort actions (including libel), arising out of or in connection with the use, copying or display of, or the interaction of any form of communication with regards to the website or a hyperlinked website and the information contained on the website or a hyperlinked website (including via computer viruses or any other form of software).

    Linking

    Vanquish Bank may link to other websites which are not within Vanquish Bank control, but under the control of third parties. Vanquish Bank make no representations whatsoever concerning such websites.

    Where Vanquish Bank may provide a link to a third party, such a link is not an authorisation, endorsement, sponsorship or affiliation by us with respect to such website, its owners or its Vanquish Bank providers. We are providing these links only as a convenience to you.

    Vanquish Bank have not tested any information, products or software found on such websites and therefore cannot make any representations whatsoever with respect thereto. It is up to you to take precautions to ensure that whatever you select is free of such items as viruses, worms, Trojan horses and other items of a destructive nature. We are not responsible for these websites in any way and it is your responsibility to check the website terms and privacy policy on any other website which you visit. You acknowledge and agree that, as you have chosen to enter a linked website we are not responsible for the availability of such external sites or resources, and do not review or endorse and are not responsible or liable, directly or indirectly, for (i) the privacy practices of such websites, including (without limitation) any advertising, content, products, goods or other materials or services on or available from such websites or resources or (ii) the use to which others make of these websites or resources, nor for any damage, loss or offence caused or alleged to be caused by, or in connection with, the use of or reliance on any such advertising, content, products, goods or other materials or services available on such external websites or resources.

    General matters

    You may not assign or sub-contract any of your rights or obligations under these website terms or any related products or services to any third party unless agreed upon in writing by us.

    Vanquish Bank reserve the right to transfer, assign, novate or sub-contract the benefit of the whole or part of any of its rights or obligations under these website terms or any related contract to any third party.

    If any portion of these website terms is held by any competent authority to be invalid or unenforceable in whole or in part, the validity or enforceability of the other sections of these website terms shall not be affected.

    No delay or failure by us to exercise any powers, rights or remedies under these website terms will operate as a waiver of them nor will any single or partial exercise of any such powers, rights or remedies preclude any other or further exercise of them. Any waiver to be effective must be in writing and signed by an authorised representative of us.
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

Binoculars / Binoculars Female / Male Binoculars / World Binoculars

    Binoculars, field glasses or binocular telescopes (often abbreviated to "bins" or "binos") are a pair of identical or mirror-symmetrical telescopes mounted side-by-side and aligned to point accurately in the same direction, allowing the viewer to use both eyes (binocular vision) when viewing distant objects. Most are sized to be held using both hands, although sizes vary widely from opera glasses to large pedestal mounted military models. Many different abbreviations are used for binoculars, including glasses, nocs, noculars, binos and bins.

    Unlike a (monocular) telescope, binoculars give users a three-dimensional image: for nearer objects the two views, presented to each of the viewer's eyes from slightly different viewpoints, produce a merged view with an impression of depth. There is no need to close or obstruct one eye to avoid confusion, as is common with monocular telescopes. The use of both eyes also significantly increases the perceived visual acuity (resolution), even at greater distances where depth perception is not apparent.

    Optical design

    Almost from the invention of the telescope in the 17th century the advantages of mounting two of them side by side for binocular vision seems to have been explored. Most early binoculars used Galilean optics; that is they used a convex objective and a concave eyepiece lens. The Galilean design has the advantage of presenting an erect image but has a narrow field of view and is not capable of very high magnification. This type of construction is still used in very cheap models and in opera glasses or theater glasses.

    An improved image and higher magnification can be achieved in a construction binoculars employing Keplerian optics, where the image formed by the objective lens is viewed through a positive eyepiece lens (ocular). This configuration has the disadvantage that the image is inverted. There are different ways of correcting these disadvantages.

    Porro prism binoculars are named after Italian optician Ignazio Porro who patented this image erecting system in 1854 and later refined by makers like Carl Zeiss in the 1890s. Binoculars of this type use a Porro prism in a double prism Z-shaped configuration to erect the image. This feature results in binoculars that are wide, with objective lenses that are well separated but offset from the eyepieces. Porro prism designs have the added benefit of folding the optical path so that the physical length of the binoculars is less than the focal length of the objective and wider spacing of the objectives gives a better sensation of depth.
    Binoculars using roof prisms may have appeared as early as the 1870s in a design by Achille Victor Emile Daubresse.[2][3] Most roof prism binoculars use either the Abbe-Koenig prism (named after Ernst Karl Abbe and Albert Koenig and patented by Carl Zeiss in 1905) or Schmidt-Pechan prism (invented in 1899) designs to erect the image and fold the optical path. They have objective lenses that are approximately in line with the eyepieces.

    Roof-prisms designs create an instrument that is narrower and more compact than Porro prisms. There is also a difference in image brightness. Porro-prism binoculars will inherently produce a brighter image than roof-prism binoculars of the same magnification, objective size, and optical quality, because the roof-prism design employs silvered surfaces that reduce light transmission by 12% to 15%. Roof-prisms designs also require tighter tolerances as far as alignment of their optical elements (collimation). This adds to their expense since the design requires them to use fixed elements that need to be set at a high degree of collimation at the factory. Porro prisms binoculars occasionally need their prism sets to be re-aligned to bring them into collimation. The fixed alignment in roof-prism designs means the binoculars normally won't need re-collimation.

    Binoculars are usually designed for the specific application for which they are intended. Those different designs create certain optical parameters (some of which may be listed on the prism cover plate of the binocular). Those parameters are:
    • Magnification: The ratio of the focal length of the eyepiece divided into the focal length of the objective gives the linear magnifying power of binoculars (sometimes expressed as "diameters"). A magnification of factor 7, for example, produces an image as if one were 7 times closer to the object. The amount of magnification depends upon the application the binoculars are designed for. Hand-held binoculars have lower magnifications so they will be less susceptible to shaking. A larger magnification leads to a smaller field of view.
    • Objective diameter: The diameter of the objective lens determines how much light can be gathered to form an image.This number directly affects performance. When magnification and quality is equal, the larger the second binocular number, the brighter the image as well as the sharper the image. An 8x40, then, will produce a brighter and sharper image than an 8x25, even though both enlarge the image an identical eight times. The larger front lenses in the 8x40 also produce wider beams of light (exit pupil) that leave the eyepieces. This makes it more comfortable to view with an 8x40 than an 8x25. It is usually expressed in millimeters. It is customary to categorize binoculars by the magnification × the objective diameter; e.g. 7×50.
    • Field of view: The field of view of a pair of binoculars is determined by its optical design. It is usually notated in a linear value, such as how many feet (meters) in width will be seen at 1,000 yards (or 1,000 m), or in an angular value of how many degrees can be viewed.
    • Exit pupil: Binoculars concentrate the light gathered by the objective into a beam, the exit pupil, whose diameter is the objective diameter divided by the magnifying power. For maximum effective light-gathering and brightest image, the exit pupil should equal the diameter of the fully dilated iris of the human eye— about 7 mm, reducing with age. If the cone of light streaming out of the binoculars is larger than the pupil it is going into, any light larger than the pupil is wasted in terms of providing information to the eye. In daytime use the human pupil is typically dilated about 3 mm, which is about the exit pupil of a 7x21 binocular. Much larger 7x50 binoculars will produce a cone of light bigger than the pupil it is entering, and this light will, in the day, be wasted. It is therefore seemingly pointless to carry around a larger instrument. However, a larger exit pupil makes it easier to put the eye where it can receive the light: anywhere in the large exit pupil cone of light will do. This ease of placement helps avoid vignetting, which is a darkened or obscured view that occurs when the light path is partially blocked. And, it means that the image can be quickly found which is important when looking at birds or game animals that move rapidly, or by a seaman on the deck of a pitching boat. Narrow exit pupil binoculars may also be fatiguing because the instrument must be held exactly in place in front of the eyes to provide a useful image. Finally, many people use their binoculars at dusk, in overcast conditions, and at night, when their pupils are larger. Thus the daytime exit pupil is not a universally desirable standard. For comfort, ease of use, and flexibility in applications, larger binoculars with larger exit pupils are satisfying choices even if their capability is not fully used by day.
    • Eye relief: Eye relief is the distance from the rear eyepiece lens to the exit pupil or eye point. It is the distance the observer must position his or her eye behind the eyepiece in order to see an unvignetted image. The longer the focal length of the eyepiece, the greater the eye relief. Binoculars may have eye relief ranging from a few millimeters to 2.5 centimeters or more. Eye relief can be particularly important for eyeglass wearers. The eye of an eyeglass wearer is typically further from the eye piece which necessitates a longer eye relief in order to still see the entire field of view. Binoculars with short eye relief can also be hard to use in instances where it is difficult to hold them steady.
    • Close focus distance: Close focus distance is the closest point that the binocular can focus on. This distance varies from about 1m to 30m, depending upon the design of the binoculars
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

auto parts giant / Ground Shipping / Performance Order Shipping

    Auto Parts Giant
    Auto Parts Giant is a fast-growing company that sells auto parts and accessories featured in its online catalog.

    History of Auto Parts Giant

    For over 28 years, we have been distributing parts to American car owners to make sure their vehicles are reliable and safe. With over three million parts in stock at our strategically placed warehouses, we have everything your car will ever need at the comfort of a click. To top it off, all our parts and accessories come with a one-year warranty to secure your purchase.

    We offer you top aftermarket manufacturers, great discounts, and fast delivery in one GIANT catalog!

    With Auto Parts Giant’s expansive online catalog featuring over 500,000 car parts and accessories, With Auto Parts Giant’s guarantee that all your auto-related needs are covered. These high-quality products, which we source only from esteemed and trusted brands in the industry, are offered with warranties and big discounts. We ship our items internationally, and try our best to ensure your order reaches you the soonest time possible.

    Shipping Information

    Ground Shipping

    Most ground shipping orders are shipped within 24 to 48 hours after the confirmation of your order. The shipping time will vary depending on the size of your order and the delivery location.

    Small to medium-sized packages can be delivered within two to seven business days (this excluding weekends and holidays) from their shipment date. Orders containing bumpers, fenders, doors, hoods, grille guards, nerf bars, or other large parts require special handling methods and are usually shipped by Truck Freight (See more information about this below.), where delivery times usually range from two to nine days (excluding weekends and holidays).

    Orders from Alaska, Hawaii, and other areas outside continental United States have additional shipping charges, and their delivery times are longer.

    Overnight and Two-Day Shipping

    For an additional charge, overnight and two-day shipping are available for most small and medium-sized packages. Airfreight carriers reserve the right to extend delivery time by up to 24 hours when delivering to residential addresses. This is beyond the control of Auto Parts Giant, and airfreight charges are not refundable.

    All orders must be received before 5:00 PM Eastern Time (2:00 PM Pacific Time) Mondays to Fridays.

    Overnight and two-day shipping are not available for weekends and holidays. If you place an overnight or two-day delivery order on a weekend or a holiday, please be informed that the shipment cycle of these orders will start during the next business day.

    Performance Order Shipping

    Performance parts are shipped via ground orders only. Majority of these orders are shipped within 24 to 48 hours after you have confirmed your order.

    The shipping time will vary depending on the size of your order and the delivery location. Small to medium-sized packages can be delivered within two to seven business days (excluding weekends and holidays) from their shipment date.

    Orders containing brush guards, running boards, complete exhaust systems, nerf bars, and other large performance parts require special handling methods and are shipped by Truck Freight (See more information about this below.), where delivery times usually range from two to nine days (excluding weekends and holidays).

    Orders from Alaska, Hawaii, and other areas outside continental United States have additional shipping charges and their delivery times are longer. Overnight and two-day shipping are not available for performance part orders.

    Truck Freight

    Orders that consist of large parts and items that require special handling are shipped via Truck Freight. These orders are usually processed within 24 to 48 hours after you confirm your order. Delivery may take two to nine business days (excluding weekends and holidays) for orders within the continental United States.
    Truck Freight shipments to Alaska and Hawaii may take up to 14 business days and may require additional charges. If your order will be subject to additional charges, we will send you a revised shipping quote to your e-mail address.
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

Check Unlimited / Place a Check Order / Personalize / Unlimited Checks

    Checks Unlimited
    Checks Unlimited™ is one of the nation's top direct-check manufacturers

    Located in Colorado Springs, Checks Unlimited is set between the towering Rocky Mountains and the expansive Colorado plains. Like the western frontier, we were founded on the solid principles of hard work, integrity, and excellence. From the very beginning, we've kept our sights outward, toward the wide open space of new possibilities.

    Established in 1986 as the first major direct mail check printer, the company, then called Current Checks, was founded to offer an exceptional value on high-quality checks. By maintaining a clear focus on this original objective, the company has evolved and expanded over the years according to market trends and Customer needs and desires. When initially introduced, our check line included 13 designs. Today, as Checks Unlimited, we have grown to offer over 70 personal check designs — plus a full line of address labels, checkbook covers, check-related accessories, and a complete line of business checks. Our licensed designs include many of America's favorite icons and characters.

    Checks Unlimited is extremely grateful for the loyalty and trust of our Customers!

    To Place a Check Order

    Step 1: Select Check : Just click on your desired check design image or the "Order" button. This will send you to the corresponding check detail page that provides type, quantity and shipping costs.

    Step 2: Choose Check Type and Quantity : Select check type (One-Part or Duplicate) and quantity (Two boxes or Four Boxes).

    Step 3: Click Continue : Click the "Continue Button" to personalize your check order.


    To Personalize your Check Order

    Step 1: Bank Information : Enter your Financial Institution Routing Number, Account Number, Check Starting Number, Last Name and Zip Code. Please refer to a check you are currently using when you enter this information. Remember that Checks Unlimited ensures the privacy and security of Customer transactions by our use of Secure Socket Layer (SSL) technology and GlobalSign's digital certificate.

    Step 2: Personal Information : Enter your name and address as you would like it to appear on the checks. Please refer to a check you are currently using when you enter this information. We will print your checks EXACTLY as you enter it. In addition, the information you provide must match the records at your financial institution and is subject to verification.

    Step 3: Customization : You may customize your check by adding a custom font and/or personalized MyLines™ Message. Customization options will vary according to product.

    Step 4: Shopping Cart : Please review this page and make sure your shopping cart is up-to-date.

    Step 5: Delivery Options : For security purposes, all checks are shipped to the address you provided for your checks. You will also have the opportunity to choose our expedited In-Plant Rush service, plus any of our Faster Delivery Options.

    Step 6: Order Summary : This is the last step before submitting your order. Please review this page and make sure your check order is correct, including quantity and price.

    Method of Payment : Once you have reviewed your order, you may select a Credit Card as your payment choice. Then you may choose to submit your order online electronically by clicking the "Submit Order" button.

    Following Submissions

    Order Confirmation Page : This screen verifies the submission of order. You can print or save this screen for your records.
    Order Confirmation via E-mail : You will receive an E-mail confirming the receipt of your order.
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

Match / Definition Matc / online dating

    Match.com
    Match.com is an online dating company which reportedly has more than 20 million members, made up of a 49/51 male/female ratio,[dubious – discuss] and Web sites serving 25 countries in more than 8 different languages. Its headquarters are in Dallas, Texas and the company also has offices in West Hollywood, Tokyo, Rio, and Beijing. Match.com is owned by IAC/InterActiveCorp and employs more than 340 people worldwide. Match.com has nearly $342.598 million in revenue and 1.3 million paying subscribers.

    Definition Matc.com

    Match.com was started by Gary Kremen in 1993. It was started as a proof-of-concept for Electric Classifieds which aimed to provide classified advertising systems for newspapers. Early on, Kremen was assisted by Peng T. Ong, who helped design the initial system, and Simon Glinsky, who helped develop one of the first Internet business plans for Match.com and provided management and marketing expertise. The initial business scope developed by this team included a possible subscription model, now common among personals services, and inclusion of diverse communities with high first trial and market leaders status, including women, technology professionals and the LGBT community. Fran Maier joined in late 1994 to lead the Match.com business unit where she significantly bolstered the strategy to make Match.com friendly and accessible to women (the men would then follow).

    Match.com went live in early 1995 as a free beta. It was first profiled in Wired Magazine in 1995. In 1998, Match.com was purchased by Cendant. A year later Match.com was purchased by IAC/InterActiveCorp (then still operating under the name TicketMaster). In late 1999, Match.com was moved to Dallas, Texas, to merge with another matching site, One & Only networks, that IAC/InterActiveCorp had purchased the same year.

    Between September 9, 2004, and April 24, 2007, Jim Safka was the Chief Executive Officer of Match.com. Thomas Enraght-Moony was the CEO from April, 2007 to February 19, 2009.
    On February 19, 2009, Match.com divested its European operations to Meetic. Following the divestment, Greg Blatt, an Executive Vice President and General Counsel of IAC/InterActiveCorp, was named CEO of Match.com. Mr. Blatt retains the title of EVP of IAC/InterActiveCorp but has stepped down as its General Counsel.

    On May 24, 2010, Match.com became the exclusive provider of online dating service for Yahoo! via the formation of a co-branded site, "Match.com on Yahoo!".

    In November 2004, Guinness World Records recognized Match.com as the largest online dating site in the world. At the time, more than 42 million singles globally had registered with Match.com since its launch in 1995, and worldwide there were over 15 million members using the service.

    In late 2005, Match.com in the United States entered into a strategic partnership with Dr. Phil on a new US marketing campaign called "MindFindBind", a monthly subscription program that Match.com members can pay an extra fee to access.

    In December 2006, the layout of the United States Match.com site was redesigned, to go in line with the newly launched series of black and white TV advertisements in the US featuring Match.com members.

    It was announced in February 2009 that Match.com's European operations was sold to Meetic for 5 million Euros and a reported twenty-seven percent interest in the company. At the same time that this sale was announced, the current CEO Thomas Enraght-Mooney stepped down, while IAC's (Match.com's parent company) Executive VP and General Counsel, Greg Blatt, took his place.

    Match.com competitors today include eHarmony, Zoosk, Plenty of Fish, and SpeedDate.com.

    MatchLive and MatchTravel

    In 2002 and early 2003, Match.com's then CEO, Tim Sullivan, tried to expand Match.com reach by expanding into the local dating scene with a service called MatchLive. Daters would meet in a public location sponsored by Match.com. People would be involved in social activities and a form of speed dating together. The idea was scrapped by the parent company. Shortly afterwards, IAC fired Tim Sullivan as acting CEO, and laid off 30 people in the Dallas office involved with the MatchLive brand. The company stated that it planned to refocus its operation moving forward on on-line dating instead of hosting singles and speed-dating events.

    MatchTravel was an attempt about the same time as the MatchLive brand to offer discounts via the then sister company Expedia, Inc. to daters meeting on Match.com. The service was rescinded shortly afterward.
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

Verizon Wireless / Definition Verizon Wireless / The History of Verizon / Verizon Business

    Verizon
    Cellco Partnership, doing business as Verizon Wireless, is the largest mobile telecommunications network and wireless phone provider in the United States. The network has 104 million subscribers as of Q1 2011, just in front of the second largest carrier, AT&T Mobility, which has 97.5 million subscribers as of Q1 2011

    Headquartered in Basking Ridge, New Jersey, the company is a joint venture of U.S. telecommunications firm Verizon Communications and British multinational mobile network operator Vodafone, with 55 and 45 percent ownership respectively. On January 9, 2009, Verizon Wireless acquired Alltel Wireless in a deal valued at $28.1 billion. The acquisition expanded Verizon's wireless network.

    History

    Verizon Wireless traces its roots to Bell Atlantic Mobile, NYNEX Mobile Communications, AirTouch Communications, PrimeCo Communications, and GTE Mobilnet. Bell Atlantic Mobile and NYNEX Mobile Communications merged in 1995 to create Bell Atlantic - NYNEX Mobile, and in 1997 their namesake Baby Bell parents followed suit to form the new Bell Atlantic and their wireless subsidiary was renamed Bell Atlantic Mobile. Bell Atlantic Mobile and NYNEX Mobile Communications were created from Advanced Mobile Phone Service, Inc., which was a subsidiary of AT&T created in 1978 to provide cellular service nationwide. AMPS, Inc. was divided among the RBOCs as part of the Bell System Divestiture.

    Meanwhile, in June 1999, AirTouch Communications of San Francisco, California merged with UK-based Vodafone Group Plc, forming Vodafone AirTouch Plc. In September 1999, Vodafone AirTouch announced a $90-billion joint venture with Bell Atlantic Corp. to be called Verizon Wireless, and which would comprise the two companies' U.S. wireless assets: Bell Atlantic Mobile and AirTouch Paging. This wireless joint venture received regulatory approval in six months, and began operations as Verizon Wireless on April 4, 2000. On June 30, 2000, the addition of GTE Wireless' assets, in connection with the merger of Bell Atlantic and GTE to form Verizon Communications, made Verizon Wireless the nation's largest wireless communications provider. Verizon held that position until Cingular's acquisition of AT&T Wireless in 2004, and again after their acquisition of Alltel in 2009. However, with the pending T-Mobile and AT&T merger in place, Verizon will become the 2nd largest provider in the United States. For the joint venture, Verizon Communications owns 55% and UK-based Vodafone Group (formerly Vodafone AirTouch) owns 45%. The name "Verizon," a portmanteau, is derived by combining the word "veritas," a Latin term that means "truth," and the word "horizon." Together, they are supposed to conjure images of reliability, certainty, leadership, and limitless possibilities.

    Network

    Verizon Wireless is one of two major U.S. carriers that use CDMA technology, the other being Sprint Nextel. Alltel also used CDMA before becoming part of Verizon Wireless. Other regional carriers that use CDMA are: U.S. Cellular, Cricket, and MetroPCS (see List of United States mobile phone companies for more information). Verizon supports the 3 generations of CDMA (IS-95, 1x, and EV-DO) networks and now its newest 4G LTE service which was released on Sunday December 5, 2010 in many cities. At that time, 4G LTE service was only offered as a mobile broadband data option. 4G LTE-Compatible Verizon mobile phones were released in the 1st quarter of 2011.

    Verizon Wireless invests $5.7 billion annually on average to maintain and expand its nationwide CDMA network. Verizon Wireless offers voice services as well as 3G data services such as wireless broadband based on EV-DO Rev A, text and picture messaging, over-the-air downloadable applications and content from its "Media Center" ( previously called, Get-It-Now) service, Video on Demand in the form of V CAST (which allows customers to download and view video content), location-based services, and Push-to-Talk.
    On June 30, 2007, Verizon Wireless had completed the overhaul of the entire EV-DO network to EV-DO Rev. A. This enables PC Cards and certain phones to obtain theoretical peak download speeds of 3.1 Mbit/s and upload speeds of up to 1.8 Mbit/s. The actual download and upload speeds vary due to a number of factors, and users will typically see speeds close to 1 Mbit/s down, and 500 kbit/s up.
    On 27 November 2007, Verizon Wireless announced plans to allow all cell phones compatible with their CDMA technology to run on their network. Users of such phones are also allowed to use any application they wish.
    However, on September 20, 2007, Verizon Wireless had announced a joint effort with the Vodafone Group to transition their networks to the 4G standard LTE[12] and on November 29, 2007, Verizon Wireless announced that they would start LTE trials in 2008. On December 9, 2008, Verizon announced that they intend to build and begin to roll out an LTE network, by the beginning of 2011. Adopting LTE would make for a gradual shift away from Verizon Wireless’ current use of CDMA technology because it is a completely different platform, but would offer increased operability for users traveling worldwide.

    On January 25, 2009, Verizon Wireless released its first Femtocell called the Verizon Wireless Network Extender. 

    Verizon claims to operate "America's Largest and Most Reliable Wireless Network," covering approximately 290 million people. 

    On December 5, 2010 Verizon Wireless launched its "4G LTE" network. Only two USB modems were available at launch. In an announcement made on January 6, 2011, from the Consumer Electronics Show in Las Vegas, Verizon Wireless stated in the first half of 2011 they will release: 10 new LTE devices including, five smartphones, two tablets, two netbooks, and two MiFi hotspots.
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

Sevgiliye Kalpli anlamlı yazı,Aşkı anlatan yanıp sönen kalp gif

    Rüzgarın kemanını çaldığı ve 
    Damlaların pencerene vurduğu bir gecede 
    Yatağına uzanıp hayalini kurduğun 
    ve
    Keşke dediğin tüm güzellikler senin olsun.
    SENİ SEVİYORUM.
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

Sevgiliye Anlamlı Resimli Yazı Gif,Sen gözlerimde bir damla yas olsaydın

Motorcycle Chain / Definition Motor Chain

    Roller chain or bush roller chain is the type of chain drive most commonly used for transmission of mechanical power on many kinds of domestic, industrial and agricultural machinery, including conveyors, wire and tube drawing machines, printing presses, cars, motorcycles, and simple machines like bicycles. It consists of a series of short cylindrical rollers held together by side links. It is driven by a toothed wheel called a sprocket. It is a simple, reliable, and efficient means of power transmission.

    Though Hans Renold is credited with inventing the roller chain in 1880, sketches by Leonardo da Vinci in the 16th century show a chain with a roller bearing. 

    Construction of the chain

    There are actually two types of links alternating in the bush roller chain. The first type is inner links, having two inner plates held together by two sleeves or bushings upon which rotate two rollers. Inner links alternate with the second type, the outer links, consisting of two outer plates held together by pins passing through the bushings of the inner links. The "bushingless" roller chain is similar in operation though not in construction; instead of separate bushings or sleeves holding the inner plates together, the plate has a tube stamped into it protruding from the hole which serves the same purpose. This has the advantage of removing one step in assembly of the chain.

    The roller chain design reduces friction compared to simpler designs, resulting in higher efficiency and less wear. The original power transmission chain varieties lacked rollers and bushings, with both the inner and outer plates held by pins which directly contacted the sprocket teeth; however this configuration exhibited extremely rapid wear of both the sprocket teeth, and the plates where they pivoted on the pins. This problem was partially solved by the development of bushed chains, with the pins holding the outer plates passing through bushings or sleeves connecting the inner plates. This distributed the wear over a greater area; however the teeth of the sprockets still wore more rapidly than is desirable, from the sliding friction against the bushings. The addition of rollers surrounding the bushing sleeves of the chain and provided rolling contact with the teeth of the sprockets resulting in excellent resistance to wear of both sprockets and chain as well. There is even very low friction, as long as the chain is sufficiently lubricated. Continuous, clean, lubrication of roller chains is of primary importance for efficient operation.

    Lubrication

    The great majority of driving chains operate in clean environments, the wearing surfaces (ie the pins and the bushings) safe from precipitation and air-born grit, many even in a sealed environment such as an oil bath.
    A few other chains run unprotected and in those cases, internally sealed roller chain manufacturers such as Tsubaki,Renold, Diamond, Morse, and Rexnord produce low-maintenance versions wherein o-rings or x-rings seal in the lubricant for life.

    However, there are a few chains that have to operate in dirty conditions, and for size or operational reasons cannot be sealed. One example is the bicycle chain drive on a derailleur equipped bicycle (though cheaper hub-gear bicycles may be similarly naked to the elements). These chains will necessarily have relatively high rates of wear, particularly when the operators are prepared to accept more friction, less efficiency, more noise and more frequent replacement as they neglect lubrication and adjustment.

    Motorcycle chain lubrication

    Chains operating at high speeds comparable to those on motorcycles should be used in conjunction with an oil bath. For modern motorcycles this is not applicable and most motorcycle chains run unprotected. They are subject to extreme forces and have to operate in tough conditions being exposed to rain, dirt, sand and road salt.
    Motorcycle chains are part of the drive train to transmit the motor power to the back wheel. While properly lubricated chains can reach an efficiency of more 98% in the transmission, unlubricated chains will significantly decrease performance and increase chain and sprockets wear.
    Two distinct types of aftermarket lubricants are available for motorcycle chains, spray on lubricants and oil drip feed systems.
    • Spray lubricants may contain wax or PTFE. Whilst these lubricants use tack additives to stay on the chain they can also attract dirt and sand from the road and over time produce a grinding paste that accelerates component wear.
    • Oil drip feed systems continuously lubricate the chain and use light oil that does not stick to the chain. Research has shown that oil drip feed systems provide the greatest wear protection and greatest power saving.
    Oil drip feed systems or automatic motorcycle chain oilers are often referred to as ‘Scottoilers’. Scottoiler Ltd. is a manufacturer of automatic oil drip feed systems for motorbikes. The original product is based on a vacuum system and works by gravity feed. The engine vacuum provides the power to open a valve. The oil then siphons from the reservoir by gravity and the flow rate can be adjusted by a dial opening/closing the valve aperture.
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

Sevgiliye kumsala kazınmış kalp gif seni seviyorum yazısı hareketli

    Bir yürek nelere yeterse,
     bir can bir canı ne kadar severse 
    bir damardan ne kadar çok kan geçerse, 
    yaşam ölüme ne kadar değerse, 
    sen de benim için o kadar değerlisin.
    SENİ SEVİYORUM
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

Bicycle Chain / Definition of a bicycle chain

    A bicycle chain is a roller chain that transfers power from the pedals to the drive-wheel of a bicycle, thus propelling it. Most bicycle chains are made from plain carbon or alloy steel, but some are chrome-plated or stainless steel to prevent rust, or simply for aesthetics.

    History

    Obsolete chain designs previously used on bicycles included the block chain, the skip-link chain, and the Simpson lever chain. Most modern bicycle chains used with a single chainring and single rear sprocket are conventional industrial bushing chain. Until the 1980s, most derailleur chains were also bushing chains, but today, virtually all derailleur chains are of the "Sedis" bushingless design. Compared to a bushing chain, a bushingless chain is cheaper to make, is less likely to break under shifting load, promotes better lubricant flow inside the rollers, and creates more lateral flexibility for multi-geared bicycles. However, it also wears much faster and has slightly worse mechanical efficiency than a bushing chain.

    Before the safety bicycle, bicycles did not have chains and the pedals were typically attached directly to the drive-wheel, thus limiting top speed by the diameter of the wheel and resulting in designs with front wheels as large as possible. Various linkage mechanisms were invented to raise the effective gear ratio, but with limited success. Using chain drive allowed the mechanical advantage between the drive and driven sprockets to determine the maximum speed, thereby enabling manufacturers to reduce the size of the driving wheel for safety. It also allowed for the development of variable gearing, allowing cyclists to adjust their gearing to the difficulty of the terrain, on the fly.

    Efficiency

    A bicycle chain can be very efficient: one study reported efficiencies as high as 98.6%. The study, performed in a clean laboratory environment, found that efficiency was not greatly affected by the state of lubrication. A larger sprocket will give a more efficient drive, reducing the movement angle of the links. Higher chain tension was found to be more efficient: "This is actually not in the direction you'd expect, based simply on friction".

    Maintenance

    How best to lubricate a bicycle chain is a commonly debated question among cyclists. Liquid lubricants penetrate to the inside of the links and are not easily displaced, but quickly attract dirt. "Dry" lubricants, often containing wax or Teflon, are transported by an evaporating solvent, and stay cleaner in use. The cardinal rule for long chain life is never to lubricate a dirty chain, as this washes abrasive particles into the rollers. Chains should be cleaned before lubrication. The chain should be wiped dry after the lubricant has had enough time to penetrate the links. An alternative approach is to change the (relatively cheap) chain very frequently; then proper care is less important. Some utility bicycles have fully-enclosing chain guards which virtually eliminate chain wear and maintenance. On recumbent bicycles the chain is often run through tubes to prevent it from picking up dirt, and to keep the cyclist's leg free from oil and dirt.

    Removal

    On most upright bicycles, the chain loops through the right rear triangle made by the right chain stay, right seat stay, and seat tube. Thus a chain must be separated, "broken" is a term commonly used, with a chain tool or at a master link. (Care must be taken not to push the rivet all the way out, as it is very difficult to reinsert. See "Removing a Bicycle Chain" in the Wikibook on bicycles.) A master link, also known as a connecting link, allows the chain to be inserted or removed with simpler tools, or even no tools, for cleaning or replacement.
    Some newer chain designs, such as Shimano and Campagnolo 10-speed chains, require a special replacement pin to be used when installing or reinstalling a separated chain. An alternative to this process is to install a master link, such as a SRAM Power Link or a Wipperman Connex. 

    Wear

    Chain wear, or chain stretch, becomes an issue with extensive cycling. Although the overall effect is often called "stretch", chains generally wear through attrition of the bushings (or half-bushings, in the Sedis design) and not by elongation of the sideplates. The tension created by pedaling is insufficient to cause the latter. Because an old chain is longer than needed, its links will not precisely fit the spaces between teeth in the drivetrain, making gear shifts a problem and possibly resulting in a 'skipping' chain that reduces power transfer and makes pedalling very uncomfortable.

    Since chain wear is strongly aggravated by dirt getting into the links, the lifetime of a chain depends mostly on how well it is cleaned (and lubricated) and does not depend on the mechanical load. Therefore, well-groomed chains of heavily used racing bicycles will often last much longer than those of a lightly used, but not so well cleaned city bike. Depending on use and cleaning, a chain can last only 1,000 km (e.g. in cross-country use, or all-weather abuse), 3,000 to 5,000 km for well-maintained derailer chains, or more than 6,000 km for perfectly groomed high-quality chains, single-gear, or hub-gear chains (preferably with a full cover chain guard). 

    Chain wear rates are highly variable, so replacement by calendar is likely to cause either needless chain replacement or continued use of a worn chain, damaging rear sprockets. One way to measure wear is with a ruler. Another is with a chain wear tool, which typically has a "tooth" of about the same size found on a sprocket. They are simply placed on a chain under light load and report a "go/no-go" result - if the tooth drops in all the way, the chain should be replaced.

    Twenty half-links in a new chain measure 10" (254 mm), and replacement is recommended before the old chain measures 256 mm (0.7% wear). A safer time to replace a chain is when 24 half-links in the old chain measure 121/16 inches (0.5% wear). If the chain has worn beyond this limit, the rear sprockets are also likely to wear, in extreme cases followed by the front chainrings. In this case, the 'skipping' mentioned above is liable to continue even after the chain is replaced, as the teeth of the sprockets will have become unevenly worn (in extreme cases, hook-shaped). Replacing worn sprocket cassettes and chainrings after missing the chain replacement window is much more expensive than simply replacing a worn chain in the first place.
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

Ambon, Ambon City

    Ambon City
    Ambon City is a city and at the same time the provincial capital of Maluku, Indonesia.

    The city is also known as Manise Ambon, is the largest town in the Maluku islands. Today, the city of Ambon became the center of the port, tourism and education in the province of Maluku.
    History of Ambon City

    Ambon city began to grow ever since the arrival of Portuguese in the year 1513, then around the year 1575, the Portuguese authorities to mobilize people around him to build a fortress city or Ferangi Laha that time named Nossa Senhora de Anuneiada in plain Honipopu. In a group of community development workers who built the fort was established settlements called Soa, community groups, which is the basis of the formation of Ambon city later (Citade Amboina) because in the subsequent development of society has become a regular territorial geneologis community.

    Furthermore, after the Dutch managed to master the islands of Maluku and Ambon in particular from Portuguese rule, the fort was then became Governor-General of the central government several Dutch and named Nieuw Victoria (located in front of Merdeka Square, the former Airborne Infantry Battalion Headquarters Detachment Cavalry headquarters 733/Masariku now).

    Geographical

    Location of the city of Ambon is mostly in the area of Ambon island, and is geographically located at position: 3o-4o south latitude, 128o-129o East Longitude, where the whole city of Ambon, Central Maluku district borders.

    • The limits are as follows:
    • North side: Village Petuanan Hitu, Hila, Kaitetu, Leihitu District, Central Maluku
    • South side: Banda Sea
    • East side: Petuanan Suli Village, Salahutu District, Central Maluku
    • West side: Village Petuanan Hatu, Leihitu District, Central Maluku

    Climate

    Climate in Ambon City is a tropical marine climate and climate of the season, Because the location of the island of Ambon is surrounded by the sea. Therefore the climate here is strongly influenced by the ocean and coincides with the climatic seasons, summer and winter North West or East or Southeast. Change of seasons is always punctuated by a transition season, the which is the transition from the second season. Generally Lasts West season from December to March, while in April is a transition period to the East and East monsoon season from May to October Lasts, followed by a period of transition in November the which is the transition to the West season.

    Tribe

    There are many tribes and races who inhabit this city. Among them are Arabs, Buton (who has lived up to 5 generations), the Chinese who originally came to trade. Besides, there are also Tribe Minahasa, Java and most of the Tribe Alifuru which is a native of the Moluccas. In ancient times, Ambon city renowned throughout the world and to make this city as a destination for many Europeans who are doing the Kingdom of exploration. Not surprisingly, many residents of Ambon, which has a similar look on his face like the Europeans and the Arabs (as a result of mixed marriages of their predecessors in the past) as well as denominations of the Melanesian race which is a native resident of Ambon race.

    Location & Heritage history tour
    • Statue Pattimura, at Merdeka Square
    • Statue of Martha Christina Tiahahu, at Long Reef
    • Dolan monument, in Kudamati
    • Tugu Trikora, in Urimesing
    • Hero Cemetery World War II-Australia, in Tantui
    • Australia Monument, at Laha
    • Japanese Monument, in Tawiri
    • Statue of Franciscus Xaverius, in Batumeja
    • Fort Victoria, in Rear Cities
    • Monument Rumphius, in the Stone Table
    • Siwalima Museum, Taman Makmur in
    • Namalatu Beach, in Latuhalat
    • Pantai Indah Natsepa, in Natsepa
    • Beach Relax, in Latuhalat
    • Cape, in Cape Nusaniwe
    • Doors City, in Airlow
    • Beach Village Hukurila
    • Tempayang, in Soya
    • World Peace Gong
    • Batu Cave hole, in Ds. Amahusu
    • Bunker / Tunnel underground VOC, at Castle Top
    • Goods transport debris from the Dutch / Portuguese, at the bottom of the ocean waters Waiyame
    Source URL: https://newsotokan.blogspot.com/2011/04/
    Visit Sotokan for Daily Updated Hairstyles Collection

Popular Posts

My Blog List

Blog Archive