Apple | Apple Cultivation | Apple Crop Benefits

Apple Crop

The apple is the pomaceous fruit of the apple tree, species Malus domestica in the rose family (Rosaceae). It is one of the most widely cultivated tree fruits, and the most widely known of the many members of genus Malus that are used by humans.







The tree originated in Western Asia, where its wild ancestor, the Alma, is still found today. There are more than 7,500 known cultivars of apples, resulting in a range of desired characteristics. Cultivars vary in their yield and the ultimate size of the tree, even when grown on the same rootstock.




At least 55 million tonnes of apples were grown worldwide in 2005, with a value of about $10 billion. China produced about 35% of this total. The United States is the second-leading producer, with more than 7.5% of world production. Iran is third, followed by Turkey, Russia, Italy and India.




History




The center of diversity of the genus Malus is in eastern Turkey. The apple tree was perhaps the earliest tree to be cultivated, and its fruits have been improved through selection over thousands of years. Alexander the Great is credited with finding dwarfed apples in Kazakhstan in Asia in 328 BCE; those he brought back to Macedonia might have been the progenitors of dwarfing root stocks. Winter apples, picked in late autumn and stored just above freezing, have been an important food in Asia and Europe for millennia, as well as in Argentina and in the United States since the arrival of Europeans. Apples were brought to North America with colonists in the 17th century, and the first apple orchard on the North American continent was said to be near Boston in 1625. In the 20th century, irrigation projects in Washington state began and allowed the development of the multibillion dollar fruit industry, of which the apple is the leading species.




Until the 20th century, farmers stored apples in frostproof cellars during the winter for their own use or for sale. Improved transportation of fresh apples by train and road replaced the necessity for storage.




Nurseries




Propagation of apple crop vegetative and generative done. Duplication of the common good and are vegetatively propagated, because the generative propagation time consuming and often produce seeds that deviates from its parent. Generative propagation technique is done by seed, whereas vegetative propagation by grafting or attachment (budding), connection (grafting) and cuttings.




Media Processing Plant




Pupuk yang diberikan pada pengolahan lahan adalah pupuk kandang yang telah difermentasi dengan Biotama 3 sebanyak 20 kg per lubang tanam yang dicampur merata dengan tanah, setelah itu dibiarkan selama 2 minggu. Tanaman apel dapat ditanam secara monokultur maupun intercroping. Intercroping hanya dapat dilakukan apabila tanah belum tertutup tajuk-tajuk daun atau sebelum 2 tahun. Tapi pada saat ini, setelah melalui beberapa penelitian intercroping pada tanaman apel dapat dilakukan dengan tanaman yang berhabitat rendah, seperti cabai, bawang dan lain-lain. Tanaman apel tidak dapat ditanam pada jarak yang terlalu rapat karena akan menjadi sangat rimbun yang akan menyebabkan kelembaban tinggi, sirkulasi udara kurang, sinar matahari terhambat dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan penyakit.




Making Hole Park




Size of planting hole between 50 x 50 x 50 cm to 1 x 1 x 1 m. The land above and below ground are separated, each of the fermented manure mixed with 3 Biotama at least 20 kg. After that the land is left for ± 2 weeks, and by planting soil excavation is returned in accordance origin.




Plant Maintenance

1. Stitching should be done in the rainy season.
2. Weeding done only when there are many around the parent plant weeds that are considered to disturb the plants.
3. Weeding is usually followed by the closure of the land. The closure is intended to raise the soil around the plant back to avoid stagnant water and also for her to loose ground.
4. Parts that need to be trimmed is the newly planted seedlings 80 cm tall, shoots that grow below 60 cm, the shoots from the shoot tip in several sections, 4-6 and former fruit stalk eyes, Knop is not fertile, and is not diseased branches produkrif , which makes it difficult bending branch, twig or leaf that covers the fruit. Trimming done since the age of 3 months to obtain the desired shape (4-5 years).

Fertilization




In the rainy season

• Along rompes leaves (<3 weeks). Spray with Biotama 1 every 2 weeks, 3-5 Biotama a bottle cap was dissolved in 1 liter of clean water. Spraying is the evening or before sunrise.
• Seeing the fruit situation, namely when fruit abundance (2.5 to 3 months after rompes. sprayed again with Biotama Biotama 1 and 5, which has been dissolved in water

In the dry season

• 2-3 mingggu after rompes spray with Biotama 1 every 2 weeks, 3-5 Biotama a bottle cap was dissolved in 1 liter of clean water.
• 2-3 months after rompes (no rain). Sprayed again with Biotama Biotama 1 and 5 that had been dissolved in water every 6 months of manure as much as 50-10 kg that had been fermented with Biotama 3 spread around the plants ± 20 cm deep as far as leaf width, and covered the land and irrigated

Harvest




In general, apples can be harvested at age 4-5 months after anthesis, depending on varieties and climate. Rome Beauty can be picked at the age of sekitar120-141 days from anthesis, Manalagi can be harvested at age 114 days after anthesis and Anna about 100 days. Harvesting is best done when the plants reached physiological maturity (ripening), namely the degree to which fruit has the ability to be normal when harvested ripe. Physiologically ripe fruit characteristics are: maximum size of the fruit looks, smells began to be felt, the colors looked bright and fresh fruit when pressed felt sharp.

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