- In the lowlands up to a height of 200 m above sea level,
- optimum temperature of 280 c.
- volcanic soil types ranging from young, old and alluvial till peat
- with good drainage and aerase, not stagnant water. soil pH
- varies from 3.0 to 8.0
- Rainfall 2000 - 4000 mm / year with the number of rainy days 100 -150 days
- Make a window on the lower stem with a length of 5 cm and width
- 1 / 2 - 3 / 4 cm.
- Make a shield on the entres with a smaller size of the window and the eye
- taken from the armpit leaves.
- Open a window on the lower stem and then insert a shield between the skin
- window and the cambium
- Close the window skin and then wrapped with a raffia or plastic tape
- 0.04 mm thick.
- 2 weeks after the attachment, open and check penbalut shield.
- Cut the rootstock at a height of 10 cm above the patch with
- oblique cutting direction.
- Clones are recommended as a rootstock seedlings are:
- GTI, LCB 1320 and PR 228.
- Perform weeding to avoid competition within the plant retrieval of nutrients. embroidery done to replace the dead plants until with 2-year-old plants during the rainy season.
- Tunas false should be discarded during the first 2 months with 2 week rotation
- once, while the other shoots removed until the plants reach a height of 1.80 m.
- After a 2-3 year old plants, with a height of 3.5 m and does branching, there should be a way pengeratan stem stimulation, leaf wrapping and beheading
- Perform intensive fertilization on the plants either in the garden nursery, garden and garden grafting production, using urea, TSP, and KCL. Fertilizer doses adjusted to the situation / type soil. For this type of soil and Podsolic Latosol Red Yellow, recommended dose
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| Rubber Plantation |
Natural rubber, also called India rubber or caoutchouc, is an elastomer (an elastic hydrocarbon polymer) that was originally derived from latex, a milky colloid produced by some plants. The plants would be ‘tapped’, that is, an incision made into the bark of the tree and the sticky, milk colored latex sap collected and refined into a usable rubber. The purified form of natural rubber is the chemical polyisoprene, which can also be produced synthetically. Natural rubber is used extensively in many applications and products, as is synthetic rubber. It is normally very stretchy and flexible and extremely waterproof.
Varieties
The commercial source of natural rubber latex is the para rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis), a member of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. This is largely because it responds to wounding by producing more latex, also this means that the tree is able to photosynthesise more.
Other plants containing latex include gutta-percha (Palaquium gutta), rubber fig (Ficus elastica), Panama rubber tree (Castilla elastica), spurges (Euphorbia spp.), lettuce, common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), Russian dandelion (Taraxacum kok-saghyz), Scorzonera (tau-saghyz), and guayule (Parthenium argentatum). Although these have not been major sources of rubber, Germany attempted to use some of these during World War II when it was cut off from rubber supplies. These attempts were later supplanted by the development of synthetic rubbers. To distinguish the tree-obtained version of natural rubber from the synthetic version, the term gum rubber is sometimes used.
Discovery of commercial potential
The para rubber tree initially grew in South America. Charles Marie de La Condamine is credited with introducing samples of rubber to the Académie Royale des Sciences of France in 1736. In 1751, he presented a paper by François Fresneau to the Académie (eventually published in 1755) which described many of the properties of rubber. This has been referred to as the first scientific paper on rubber.
When samples of rubber first arrived in England, it was observed by Joseph Priestley, in 1770, that a piece of the material was extremely good for rubbing off pencil marks on paper, hence the name rubber. Later it slowly made its way around England.
South America remained the main source of the limited amounts of latex rubber that were used during much of the 19th century. In 1876, Henry Wickham gathered thousands of para rubber tree seeds from Brazil, and these were germinated in Kew Gardens, England. The seedlings were then sent to Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Indonesia, Singapore and British Malaya. Malaya (now Malaysia) was later to become the biggest producer of rubber. About 100 years ago, the Congo Free State in Africa was also a significant source of natural rubber latex, mostly gathered by forced labour. Liberia and Nigeria also started production of rubber.
In India, commercial cultivation of natural rubber was introduced by the British planters, although the experimental efforts to grow rubber on a commercial scale in India were initiated as early as 1873 at the Botanical Gardens, Calcutta. The first commercial Hevea plantations in India were established at Thattekadu in Kerala in 1902. In the 19th and early 20th century, it was often called "India rubber." In 2010, India's natural rubber consumption stood at 0.978 million tons per year, with production at 0.893 million tons; the rest was imported with an import duty of 20%.
Cultivation
Rubber latex is extracted from rubber trees. The economic life period of rubber trees in plantations is around 32 years – up to 7 years of immature phase and about 25 years of productive phase. The soil requirement of the plant is generally well-drained weathered soil consisting of laterite, lateritic types, sedimentary types, nonlateritic red or alluvial soils.
The climatic conditions for optimum growth of rubber trees consist of (a) rainfall of around 250 cm evenly distributed without any marked dry season and with at least 100 rainy days per year (b) temperature range of about 20°C to 34°C with a monthly mean of 25°C to 28°C (c) high atmospheric humidity of around 80% (d) bright sunshine amounting to about 2000 hours per year at the rate of 6 hours per day throughout the year and (e) absence of strong winds.
Many high-yielding clones have been developed for commercial planting. These clones yield more than 2,000 kilograms of dry rubber per hectare per year, when grown under ideal conditions.
Uses
The use of rubber is widespread, ranging from household to industrial products, entering the production stream at the intermediate stage or as final products. Tires and tubes are the largest consumers of rubber. The remaining 44% are taken up by the general rubber goods (GRG) sector, which includes all products except tires and tubes.
Prehistoric uses
The first use of rubber was by the Olmecs, who centuries later passed on the knowledge of natural latex from the Hevea tree in 1600 BC to the ancient Mayans. They boiled the harvested latex to make a ball for a sport.
Manufacturing
Other significant uses of rubber are door and window profiles, hoses, belts, matting, flooring and dampeners (antivibration mounts) for the automotive industry in what is known as the "under the bonnet" products. Gloves (medical, household and industrial) and toy balloons are also large consumers of rubber, although the type of rubber used is that of the concentrated latex. Significant tonnage of rubber is used as adhesives in many manufacturing industries and products, although the two most noticeable are the paper and the carpet industries. Rubber is also commonly used to make rubber bands and pencil erasers. Many aircraft tires and inner tubes are still made of natural rubber due to the high cost of certification for aircraft use of synthetic replacements.
Textile applications
Additionally, rubber produced as a fiber sometimes called elastic, has significant value for use in the textile industry because of its excellent elongation and recovery properties. For these purposes, manufactured rubber fiber is made as either an extruded round fiber or rectangular fibers that are cut into strips from extruded film. Because of its low dye acceptance, feel and appearance, the rubber fiber is either covered by yarn of another fiber or directly woven with other yarns into the fabric. In the early 1900s, for example, rubber yarns were used in foundation garments. While rubber is still used in textile manufacturing, its low tenacity limits its use in lightweight garments because latex lacks resistance to oxidizing agents and is damaged by aging, sunlight, oil, and perspiration. Seeking a way to address these shortcomings, the textile industry has turned to Neoprene (polymer form of Chloroprene), a type of synthetic rubber as well as another more commonly used elastomer fiber, spandex (also known as elastane), because of their superiority to rubber in both strength and durability.
Growing Conditions
Rubber plants can grow well and produce are high on the soil conditions
and climate as follows:
Rubber plant propagation can be done in generative and vegetative.
However, a more profitable way of propagation is a
vegetatively by grafting plants.
Grafting should be carried out at the beginning or end of the rainy season by phases
as follows:
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